The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts

Scholars of International Security have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to explain the causes of ethnic conflict for a long time. These studies have led to contentious debates but have also probed so deeply that their findings help shed new light on these issues, providing better understanding and possible solutions. Ethnic groups are defined as a community of people who share cultural and linguistic characteristics including religion, language, history, tradition, myth, and origin. This paper will explore the realist explanations of ethnic conflicts and then see how critical theory explanations offer new insight and answers to puzzles that could not be previously be explained. It will then explore several of the possible solutions used to end incidents of ethnic violence. Finally, it will focus on the debate surrounding partition as a possible solution to ethnic conflict, concluding that it is in fact a viable option for peace when implemented judiciously. According to realist explanations, ethnic conflicts are deeply rooted in cognitive and situational needs. In his article, â€Å"The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,† realist scholar Barry Posen claims that anarchy creates competition and hostility between ethnic, religious and cultural groups. Ethnic fractions act to preserve their identity and physical security through the accumulation of resources and military power. Interestingly, Posen notes that social cohesion is viewed as a larger threat than material assets in military competition. Social cohesion, he claims, derives from historical accounts of identity building which often are inaccurate and biased; thus perpetuating cultural differences and hatred of the other. [1] Accordingly, ethnic tensions are inevitable but can quickly magnify to warfare when one group coerces or dominates the other militarily or ideologically. Realists, such as Posen do not ignore the fact that â€Å"ideas† are essential elements of ethnic conflict, but rather use them support the needs of power and mutual deterrence. In his article, â€Å"Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? ,† Stewart Kaufman attempts to deconstruct realist explanations of ethnic conflicts by introducing his own theory called â€Å"symbolic politics. † According to this theory, episodes of extreme ethnic violence are caused by, â€Å"[ G]roup myths that justify hostility, fears of group extinction and a symbolic politics of chauvinist mobilization. † [2] Kaufman believes that these myths produce â€Å"emotion-laden symbols that make mass hostility easy for chauvinist elites to provoke and make extremist policies popular. [3] Both Posen and Kaufman use the situation in former Yugoslavia to validate their respective theories. According to Posen’s realist explanation, the origin of the conflict was a primordial contentious relationship between the Croats and Serbs. Due to the past violence and aggression inflicted upon them by the Croats, the Serbs were justifiably fearful for their security. Their ability to mobilize and slight military advantage prompted mutual fear and competition from the Croats, which in turn resulted in the Serbs launching what they perceived to be a preventative war. 4] Kaufman’s symbolic politics theory suggests that the conflict was not one based on group interests or material factors, but rather, â€Å"the struggle for relative group worth†[5] and that charismatic leaders such as Milosevic and Tudjman exploited pre-existing myths and symbols which appealed to the emotions of the public, in order promote their own, expansionist agendas. [6] Upon in depth analysis of both scholars’ explanations, I found each to be very similar and plausible. In my opinion, Kaufman’s â€Å"symbolic politics† theory does not undermine Posen’s realist explanation of the conflict, but rather supports and expands on it. Kaufman’s explanation appears to be more of a critical analysis which combines elements of realist explanations (power), liberal explanations (elite manipulation of ethnic differences by leaders) and constructivist explanations (ethnic identities are constructed by historical â€Å"myths. †) In the same article, Kaufman examines the ethnic conflicts of Sudan and Rwanda as case studies to further support his symbolic politics theory. The most dominant explanation for ethnic conflict in these areas had been the realist account, which claimed that European colonialism created strife by reconstructing African identities and exploiting their resources; forcing them the compete with each other for survival. While I do believe that these realist explanations are legitimate factors, I do not think they are the only ones. After reading Stuart Kaufman’s in depth explanations, I am now convinced that value systems—or lack thereof, lie at the root of ethnic conflict. In Northern Sudan, Islamic values encouraged hostile expansionism of Sharia law, which threatened the survival (identity) of the Southern Sudanese who were unwilling to submit to it. Similarly, the creation of hostile myths against the Tutsi minority and large scale acceptance of the use of violence against them in Rwanda shows how easily populations lacking strong value systems can be manipulated by political elites into justifying the most heinous acts of violence against other human beings. Just as there are many plausible theories that explain the causes of ethnic conflicts worldwide, there too are many possible solutions. Although he is a realist scholar, Barry Posen admits that peacekeeping can sometimes be achieved through diplomatic measures, mainly by encouraging groups involved in the conflict to reexamine their past history from a more objective standpoint. Other third party options include: the creation of international institutions aimed at rebuilding domestic institutions, international treaties such as the non-proliferation policy, the use of economic sanctions, and the use of peacekeeping forces. All of these solutions have had success in some areas and failures elsewhere. When international diplomatic peacekeeping efforts fail and the ethnic conflict persists, outside powers are sometimes forced to implement material methods of assistance including military support and weaponry. Because warfare is always a last resort, the use of partitions has become a highly effective but equally controversial method used to suppress ethnic violence. According to some realist scholars, the separation of ethnic identities serves a necessary purpose; it provides people with meaningful associations and security. Chaim Kaufmann, though a prominent proponent of the use of partitions in pervasive interethnic conflict, still acknowledges that they should be used as a last resort and that the risks of partition and population transfers are only worth undertaking if they are saving the lives that would have been sacrificed if they had not occurred. [7] Critics of the use of partitions such as Radha Kumar argue that they do little to mitigate violence, but instead escalate tensions and cause mass movements of forced migration. 8] In his article, â€Å"When All Else Fails: Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century,† Chaim Kaufmann does a good job at deconstructing this myth. He claims that persistent violence creates refugee movements because people are afraid to stay where they are, or are at times forced to leave by opposing militant forces. Therefore, intermixed populations will inevitably become separated and the use of partitions only serves as an organizational vehicle which would enable them to resettle in a structured and protected manner. 9] Kumar’s arguments are further refuted by Kaufmann’s use of empirical data which prove that incidents of violence actually diminished when partitions were constructed in Ireland, India and Cyprus and that marginal increases of violence in those regions were not a result of the partition, but rather the lack of complete separation between rival groups within those regions. Kaufmann concedes that the case with Israel and Palestine is a special circumstance due to the fact that Palestinian threats are so pervasive that Israel’s existence is dependent on the partition. In contrast, Kumar’s strongest argument is that partition has rarely been anything more than a temporary solution to conflict, but its psychological effects are permanent. [10] After considering both sides of the argument, I believe the benefits of using partitions far out way the costs. While the psychological barriers that partitions create are an unfortunate reality, the numbers of lives they save are more important. In closing it is important to understand that each case of ethnic conflict studied has individual characteristics which make it unique and thus the causes and solutions to each situation are unique as well. Despite their variance, there is still something that can be learned and applied by studying each case. The realist explanation asserts that power and security factors are the motivating cause for conflict, but new critical theory explanations help us to see that physical and psychological security alone are not enough to deter episodes of ethnic violence. While it has been proven that material factors such as military and nuclear capability and partitions are effective deterrents, they should only be used as last result methods. International institutions, treaties and post conflict reconstruction initiatives are all instrumental in the peacekeeping effort. But in my opinion, the most effective method used for reducing incidences of ethnic violence is that of nation building. I’ve arrived at this conclusion, not only through scholarly analysis but also through personal experience. As a fourth generation Jewish American who grew up in the â€Å"melting pot† of New York City, I have been fortunate to witness the success of democratic values first hand. While I understand that constructing civic identities based on universal values of â€Å"liberty and justice for all† may seem like an overly idealistic notion, I need only to look at the success of my country and my city to know that it can be done.

Buddhism & History

Buddhism is a spiritual practice that leads to insight true nature of life It’s a practice of mind developing like the awareness ,kindness and wisdom. The history of transformation of Japanese marriage and kinship over the course of Hein (794-1185) and Kamakura (1185-1333). The role of Buddhist funerary and memorial rituals in creation. Graveyards have been deserted and lonely places were known as such, yet there is something inappropriate in this. In the beginning of the eleventh century we find no evidence of such resident grave tenders.In the later periods,  the development of more permanent stone markers for graves, the burial became a site of worship. It became the place to define a family group and strengthen the bond of kinship. The preservation of bones and the development of maintained, regularly visited grave are indicators of the signification of Japanese kinship practices that took place through the medium of Buddhist death ritual and memorial practice. The langu age of kinship and gender of the Chinese ritual has changed the Japanese family. The introduction of Chinese Buddhist ideas about the postmortem lives of families had ramifications for many generations of men and women to come.Women in Japan were not always temporary members of the families of their birth. The women kept their family names after marriage. A daughter would leave their family to become a wife and a mother with the family which she would come to be identified. At death she would join the family lineage as the consort of father-cum-ancestor and genetrix link of the present link of the patrilineal link. It was Buddhist rituals that shape family links. The burial of daughters with their father’s represents the continuing indispensability of women in the avuncular politics. They died as their father’s daughter’s and buried amongpartrilineal relatives, their bones revered ancestral relics by the children and grandchildren of their brother. In addition t o age restrictions, Japan also prohibits close relatives from getting married. This is a very common marriage rule that is held by many modern nations. Close relatives include blood relatives, step relatives and adoptive relatives. However, the period of most intense preoccupation with. Keeping daughter’s' bone’s â€Å"in the family† ironically marked the initial entrenchment of agnatic, or partrilineal, principles of descent in Japan. The posthumous divorce was common in mayareas in Japan. This was the custom was that the most women commit suicide or had failed to produced male children was sent back to her natal family. This act signifies severing of ties with the dead women and responsibilities for her funeral rite, burial and memorial services back onto her family that had raised her. The idea of married woman belongs to their husbands and sons comes as no surprises. The memorial practices gathered by the Japanese folklorist in the twentieth century reveal a great deal of regional variation. Japanese kinship system daughters leaves their families to live and die.The idea that a daughter should stay with her father came to apply to final place as it had to marriage residence. By the end of the Murumachi period, the women lived by their husband’s people. Ancestor consciousness in Japan is very weak. Only with the importation of the concept of lineage from the Korean Peninsula does the history of ancestor worship begun. Reference : â€Å" The Early Stages In The Development of Group Descent of Organization,† in Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China, ed. Patricia Ebrey and James Watson( Berkely University of California Press, 1986) 16-61

Watch video, answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Watch video, answer question - Essay Example The video uses Ranjeet to explain the issue of social mobility and all the relevant concerns. Social mobility has both benefits and drawbacks, as it is visible from the case study. Firstly, social mobility results in immense rural to urban migration. For example, New Delhi has a population of 10,000 people per every square kilometer. Such a population can be explained by the 300 million people that have migrated from the rural areas to India’s major cities to reap the benefits of the current economic boom. Problems may arise. Social mobility is the cause of unemployment, insecurity, low wages, and shortages in housing. However, Ranjeet Kumar is an example of the benefits of rural to urban migration. As the video approaches the end, he goes back to the village and tries to convince his peers to move to the village. He also relocates his family to the city where they can access the much-needed medical cover, and his children may access quality education. If more people become ad vocates of such migration, the traditional social hierarchies would gradually change for a better India. Geert Hofstede characterizes the culture of India in terms of power distance (77%), individualism (48%), masculinity (56%), uncertainty avoidance (40%), pragmatism (51%), and indulgence (26%) ("THE HOFSTEDE CENTRE."). His classification draws a significant rift between the rich and the poor in the society. For example, power distance stands at 77% meaning that the less powerful population in the rural areas have accepted that there is unequal distribution of power within the country. Power in this case might be measured by wealth, health, and literacy levels. Such elements of power are only accessible in the urban regions. Urban migration might do little to change the characterization. Most of the population in India is individualistic. Ranjeet’s case study is a clear indication of

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23

Personal Statement Example Big chunk of my life has been focused on the interest of assisting people having difficulties maintaining a normal life due to their disabilities, temporary handicaps and the likes. I also thought of becoming a nurse but I realized that it would not really hit the specialization I want in the short time I can allot for schooling. Due to this, I volunteered in a place called â€Å"Occupational Therapy for Productive Living.† The facility specializes in Adults and Pediatrics with hand and wrist injuries, conditions of the shoulders, tuning up motor skills especially people with arthritis, sensory processing and visual perception. This experience assured me more that I was in the right field of work. The physical weariness was worth the experience. During my stay at the facility, apart from the things I learned hands on, I craved for the culture this career will give me and I realized that it would be a life-changing venture for me. Due to these, I was placed in a more solid ground. Thinking about my career, whether I will have this as my stepping stone and maybe shift my field of work in future if I realize I can’t stand it or not is no longer the issue. My journey from choosing what career I should take on, the job outlook and the hours I spent at Occupational Therapy for Productive Living led me to a decision that this is a career worth the work and that suits my interest. Having said all these, I know there is one more step towards the goal I want to achieve. Although, an assistant to the occupational therapist itself, I know I need to get into a program that would equip me more with the things I will need in continuing my passion of becoming an occupational therapy assistant. I should learn the details of what an occupational therapist does to be in unison with the specifics the job entails. One of the schools I have checked was Touro College due to its viable proximity to my location. With its good

Opeidus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opeidus - Essay Example When Oedipus heard of the prophecy, he attempted to change it by leaving what he thought was his birthplace. He didn’t trust himself enough to not kill the man he thought was his father and then marry his mother: â€Å"So for years I’ve given Corinth a wide berth/†¦so I wouldn’t kill my father.† It was because he didn’t trust himself to not perform these acts he would never knowingly do that he put himself in a position to unknowingly perform them. Tiresias serves as a foil to Oedipus; he is a blind man that sees the truth of the situation. His words serve as a way for Oedipus to take responsibility for what he’s done: â€Å"How terrible—to see the truth/ when the truth is only pain to him who sees!† Because Oedipus was unable to see the truth of the situation, he punished himself by blinding himself. He thought it was a fitting punishment because his eyes did not allow him to see the truth as it was. â€Å"But the hand that struck my eyes was mine,/ mine alone—no one else—/ I did it all myself!† If Oedipus didn’t want to fulfill the prophesy, he could have chosen not to kill anyone or to marry someone younger than him. But because he himself chose his line of action which fulfilled the prophesy, he accepted responsibility for his own

Challenges faced by the USA in China and the East Asian Region Essay

Challenges faced by the USA in China and the East Asian Region - Essay Example The twenty-first century is mainly about policy decisions the governments make and the counter-policies that major economy governments like the USA and China make regarding them.   They are the most influential countries regarding military endowment, economic might, and political superiors. Even as this is true, other countries fit into the jigsaw and the relationship these two countries have towards the others and between each other is important in running the global economy and stability.The rising China economy has contributed a lot to globalization and has become almost the single most important factor that is shaping the fast-changing geopolitical landscape in the 20th century. This rise has shifted the focus of the developing world towards the East Asia, something that has undermined the reputation of the USA among the developing countries. China has emerged as the world’s largest manufacturing platform and has compelled the global manufacturing networks and national e conomies. For instance, the US missile defense efforts, only the Japan is supporting it while China strongly opposes the move while the South Korea remains a bystander. Japan is strongly championing for the Asian Monetary Fund, and a seat in the United Nations is slowly complicating the United States leadership in the Asian region.  As much as Japan’s plan seems to benefit the greater East Asian region, China still finds this as a stumbling block as it is determined to cripple Japan’s regional and global influences  

Dolphins Facts and Information Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dolphins Facts and Information - Article Example They are also believed to have once lived on land some ten million years ago. According to scientists, dolphins’ skeleton shows that its front flippers are a modified form of hands and the two unattached bones behind its ribcage are pelvic girdles, to which hind limbs once attached (MacGillivray, 2000). Interestingly, dolphins are known for its complex communication which consists of their call ranges, cognitive skills, and ability to modify signals through vocal learning. A study by Janik (2000) revealed how bottlenose dolphin uses whistles that could reach over 580 meters to interact one another. Aside from this, dolphins are known to communicate through sonar which interests auditory researchers, acoustical physics, and even military scientists. In his book â€Å"The Sonar of Dolphins†, Au (1993) documented the abilities to echolocate which means it can explore the depths of the ocean through echo and with little use of sight. With almost forty species, dolphins are known to reach sexual maturity for about six to ten years and copulate from belly to belly through a gestation period which takes up to 11-17 months. After this period, mother dolphins nurse her baby for about a year as female dolphins give birth to one calf every two years. Moreover, when it comes to its sleeping behavior, it is known that dolphins suffocate in full deep sleep and so, they only sleep one half of their brain at a time for about 8 hours a day (Ridgway, 1990). With this, their lifespan could reach a maximum of 40 up to 50 years. Dolphins have long been a fascination for human civilization since the ancient Greek period. These marine mammals are said to have always been friendly to the boaters and bathers at the ancient city of Greece.  

Ethical Issues related to the Physician Sunshine Act Coursework

Ethical Issues related to the Physician Sunshine Act - Coursework Example or design of clinical trials or development of medical devices should be encouraged since they help in the enhancement of the existing technology for the benefit of patients. By gaining the ability of accessing information regarding their physicians’ financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies, the public will be greatly informed regarding possible conflict of interest as well as protect them from potentially injurious doctor-industry relationships. In addition, patients will get a better grasp of when and whether associations with manufacturers manipulate the physician’s decisions (Twomey &Jennings, 2014). Exceptions such as gifts of less than $10, educational materials for patient distribution and product samples are important and serve to pass new products to the market in addition to assisting in education and research. Provision of free gifts or food makes the message being delivered more palatable as well as to be more favorably received by the

What is the evidence for the Big Bang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is the evidence for the Big Bang - Essay Example The primary focus of the essay is to capture the essence of the Big Bang theory and present to the reader evidence that proves that the Big Bang notwithstanding its flaws is still the most accepted theory that explains the evolution of our Universe. There is both, observational and mathematical evidence that corroborate the validity of the assumptions of the Big Bang Theory. To a curious mind gazing up from down below, the truth about the origin and evolution of the cosmos might still look like the hazy fleeting stars that sit millions of light years away. It was not just the tension-gripped scientists at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) who tried to uncover the mysteries and validate the theories of the origin of the universe with the large hadron collider experiment. From the breakthrough Hubble made to the particle accelerator at CERN, the question of the origin and evolution of the Universe continues to remain pivotal in cosmology and the mind of every human bein g. One theory pertaining to the evolution and origin of the Universe that has emerged as a demigod in cosmology is the Big Bang Theory. Largely accepted, evidenced and validated the Big Bang theory has, for over a century now, been the centre point of almost all experiments and studies pertaining to this topic. The purpose of this paper is to establish the validity of the Big Bang through scientific evidence.... billion years ago, the Universe erupted from a single point of energy, wherein all matter that exists today was condensed in that tiny speck which exploded with an inconceivable force. This force sent outward splattering chunks of the Universe which created billions of galaxies and galactic bodies that exist in our Universe. The essence of the theory, however, is that the Universe has reached its current state by expanding rapidly from an extreme condition of density and temperature and to this day continues to expand and cool. Bound by human imagination and understanding it is difficult to comprehend what the Big Bang must have been like. It could have been nothing like hydrogen explosions today as there was no space or time prior to the Big Bang, in fact, space was created as the singularity expanded and formed the Universe. Rapid cooling caused atoms to form which later clouded together to form galaxies. The theory rests on the cosmological principle that the Universe is homogenou s and isotropic. Vesto Slipher, Lemaitre and Hubble were the founding members of the Big Bang Theory. 2.1. Misconceptions About the Big bang Theory It is commonly believed that there was an explosion that erupted and consequently created the Universe. However, evidence that has been collected and validated over the past century does not exactly prove or disprove this. The Universe can be imagined as a balloon continuously stretching to create space. Another common misconception pointed out by German cosmologist Rudolf Kippenhahn, regarding the theory is the negation of the concept of singularity. It is believed by some that there was a cosmic egg existing in space, however, there was no space or time before the Big Bang and both were in fact created after the Big Bang. Esteemed cosmologist

Day with out phone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Day with out phone - Essay Example According to a study conducted by Nokia in 2010, the average person checks phone 150 times per day. Considering that mobile industry has changed significantly over the last two years and mobile phones have more features, there is a possibility that an average person checks phone more often than the situation was in 2010 (Ling and Scott 22). Mobile phones have changed dramatically particularly with the invention of smart phones. As a result, mobile phones have become pocket-sized, powerful, and irreplaceable tools in human life. People are increasingly relying on their mobile phones handset in performing a set of tasks. Since smart phones have more advanced features and applications than the previous phones, they automate processes that would have previously required users to use computer. Users of smart phones can do many things that could have only been done using computer in the past. Apart from using smart phones to perform tasks, users also use them for entertainment purposes (Li ng and Scott 10). In the light of the uses of mobile phone in modern times, staying away from it for only a day is unimaginable and a cringing thought. While at first it may make one feel liberated and free from the oppressive nature of a never-ending notifications influx that constantly pull people’s attention from the real world, it may not take long before one realizes how indispensable tool it is (Obeidallah para 10). A former attorney who turned to be a political comedian, Dean Obeidallah wrote a piece in CNN titled â€Å"A Day without a Cell phone† where he explained how one can tend in such a situation. In the piece, Dean noted that a day without a phone gave him an opportunity to actually have a real look at his surroundings, an opportunity he would otherwise not have had if he had a phone (Obeidallah para 11). As noted by Dean and an observation that can be shared by majority of people is that a day without a phone saves one the stress that

The Ways Juliet Changes in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

The Ways Juliet Changes in Romeo and Juliet Essay 1. The way in which her maturity level changes is extreme. In the 3rd scene in act 1 it shows how young she is (13) as she has not even thought of the idea of marriage. She says† It is an honour that I dream not of.† Meaning she has not thought about marriage yet. While she is doing this Romeo is still in deep sorrow about the fact that Rosaline does not love him but he loves her. These 2 points show the difference in age and maturity already as she is not having much to do with boys but Romeo is already chasing girls. A fact that is shocking to any modern day person is that she is only 13 at the beginning of the play and she is being asked about marriage. This shows the time that the play is set in as it is normal to get married at this age. Lady Capulet says, â€Å" Thou knowest my daughter’s of a pretty age† in Act 1 scene 3. Juliet also says that she will think about the idea of marriage which links onto my next point. Another thing that shows how young she is that even though she has never met Romeo before she immediately falls in love with her. This shows her immaturity. Modern day people talk about teenage love and how it is so unlikely to last and how teenagers will fall in love at first sight but never really make a relationship last. Well this is an example of that but in those days if you loved each other you would get married. The way she is only around 1 day into her relationship and is getting married shows how venerable she is which is another factor adding to her maturity level. Another factor about her maturity level is that she develops from someone who takes no risks to taking a life threatening risk. A point that shows she is young is that she is like a sheep at the beginning. Following what ever Romeo did but then she changes that and becomes more mature and thinking hard about whether Romeo is right for her. In the end she decides to do the bravest thing anyone could ever do in her situation. Though her immaturity does not think it through very well as she never though about what might happen if Romeo saw her â€Å"dead†. Both Romeo’s act of killing Tybalt and Juliet’s poison act ended up in maturity getting the better of both of them. If either of them had been more mature then Romeo would have run away rather than kill and Juliet would not of had to take the poison. 2. The way she obeys her parents explains her maturity. At the beginning she is obeying every word her parents say and then at the end she takes poison to evade marrying someone her parents have arranged a marriage with. At the beginning of the play she also trusts her nurse and obeys her as well. During the middle of the play she meets the rebellious Romeo who has met Juliet at a party after he has been mourning his loss of Rosaline, they decide in scene 6 acts 2 to get married. They enter Friar Lawrence’s cell and get married. This marriage is secret and this is the start of the times when she disobeys her parents. The final stage of her complete disobeying of her parents and nurse is when she takes the poison. She also shuns her nurse and tells her go away after she proposes that Juliet marries Paris. Her father is also extremely angry as he set up the marriage and she does not want to get married. 3. Her perception of Romeo changes dramatically through out the play as well. First of all she starts off by thinking he is wonderful and the best man to ever love and then she cannot decide whether he is evil or good. This happens after he kills Tybalt. A quote to describe her feeling for him is â€Å"Beautiful tyrant†. This oxymoron shows how she is confused about whether he is a good man or evil. She gets very defence over him though when the nurse says bad things about him. She is confused over her feeling for Romeo. Her feeling for him change through out the play as she her picture of him changes from handsome and a good man to an evil/still good man. She still loves him very much though as she risks her life for him taking poison and then ends up killing herself as her husband committed suicide think she was dead. Another quote that explains her confusion over whether Romeo is good or bad is â€Å"honourable villain† or â€Å"Upon his brow shame is ashamed to sit† These 2 quotes explain how he is honourable to her but a villain to everyone else. And also how shame would never be a characteristic about him. In summary she changes majorly throughout the whole play. From immature to mature and from not even thinking about marriage to marriage. Overall her as a character becomes an adult. No longer is she obeying her parents and not being in love. She has transformed to a proper young adult who knows what the word love means and its full values. Also she learns how important some people are to her and that if you want things your way you are going to have to take risks in order to full those wishes of hers. These wishes end in blood spill and peace between the 2 previously raging families.

Importance of Sociological Theory

Importance of Sociological Theory Why is theory important in the area of sociology? A theory is a proposed relationship between two or more concepts. In sociology, theories are statements of reason why particular facts about the social world are related (Marcionis Geber, 2010, p14). The scope of the social issues in question may range from exact descriptions of a single process to examples or models for analysis and interpretation. Some theories attempt to tell us about the possible outcome of future events in the social world, while others function as broad perspective which guides further sociological analyses (Calhoun, 2002, p1). The importance of theory in the area of sociology cannot be overemphasized. Theories such as the social conflict theory, structural functionalism theory, positivism theory, field theory, rational choice theory, and so on, were developed to explain social phenomena. In sociology, a theory states the hypothesis of a set of entities or relevant system, and permits statements on the possible or envisaged outcomes on their future states. As captured in Little (2010), a theory may also specify probabilistic relations among entities, giving rise to statements about the distribution of possible future states of the system. Little (2010) also noted that a theory provides a set of â€Å"bridge† statement that permits the theorist to connect the consequences of the theory with predictions about observable state of affairs. Sociology is an examination of human beings in social contexts. It entails observing how people in specific communities interact, and surveying and conducting experiments to yield new data on which to build sociological knowledge. Interconnectivity or interdependence is the main characteristic of a society. Sociological theories are frameworks explaining how certain aspects or elements of society are interconnected to the larger processes or environment. Application of theories helps determine the interdependent aspects of the co-existence of individuals or groups. Theories in the area of sociology will help people understand how society works and how they can be a useful part in it. Furthermore, theories helps in decision making with regards to factors affecting a certain community as wrong decisions often result from inadequate knowledge of the structure and other peculiarities of the society. These wrong decisions may have a far-reaching impact on people’s lives. In addition, addressing societal problems such as alcoholism, high criminal rate, requires decision makers to have a fair knowledge of the problems and their root causes. Vassos, while contributing to the subject, stated that sociological theories provide insights on social issues, thereby enabling appropriate relevant authority to adequately and effectively tackle the problems. Sociologists focus on how a society is structured, how each and every individual works as part of the whole, how society has changed over the years and predictions of future changes. In essence, sociological theories help people understand society and knowledge of the world as it grows. In conclusion, Ritzer (2003) defined sociological theory as a set of interrelated ideas that allow for the systematization of knowledge of the social world. This knowledge, he noted, can then be used to explain the social world and make predictions about the future of the world. Discuss any sociology theory of your choice The Social Conflict Theory is one of the theories in sociology. The conflict theory was originated by Karl Marx in the mid – 1800’s. The theory states that human behaviour results in conflicts between competing groups. According to Karl Marx, the two competing social groups comprised of the ruling class on one hand and the subject class on the other have unequal access to power and resources (Anderson Taylor, 2009). The ruling class enjoys been the owner, having control over the forces of production thereby exploiting the subject class which results in a conflict of interest between both parties. Conflict theories generally focus attention on key areas of substantial social differences particularly with regards to class, gender and race. Conflict theory is mostly associated with Marxism, and may also be associated with other major perspectives including critical theory, feminist theory, post-modern theory and post structural theory (Adegbolagun, 2012). Macionis Geber (2011) however noted that other important sociologists like Harriet Martinean, Hane Addams and Dubois argue that this sociological approach does not adequately consider how social structures help society to function; rather it dwells on how inherent social differences can cause some people in the society to be dominant and others to be oppressed. The social conflict theory opines that different social classes of individuals and groups within society with varying amounts of material and non-material resources use their relative strength in power or wealth to exploit groups with lesser advantage. Two major means of this exploitation are through cohesion or force usually done by police, the army and economics. Perhaps this explains the reason why money is perceived as the substance of social disorder and oppression. It can also be deduced from their beliefs that the society is characterized by an on-going social struggle or competition between various groups. The social conflict theory believes social relationships are about power and exploitation; the rich exploiting the poor. Citing an example of this oppression is a renter for instance, living in a rented apartment for as long as fifty years and having no right or economic interest within the property. In sociology, conflict theory opines that the society functions so that everyone or group involved can make the best use of benefits which in the long run brings about social changes. Most times, the theory is used to explain conflict between social classes in ideas such as socialism and communism. Competition plays a vital role in understanding conflict theory. Accordingly, there are three primary assumptions of modern conflict theory (Vanithamohanakumar, 2011). The first is competition over scarce resources such as money and leisure which is characteristic of human relationship. Second is structural inequality which has to do with inequalities in power and reward. Thirdly, it is believed that rather than adapting to the situation, rapid and forceful turnaround or revolution is eminent as a result of the conflict between competing interests. According to McCafferty (2006), conflict theory emphasizes the social political or material inequality of a social group. It also contrast domi nant ideologies and make open differences in power. Conflict theory posits that social groups or classes compete with each other in order to obtain control of the scarce resources. A realistic social conflict theory is an understanding of the positive role of social conflict in serving the common good. It is actually expected to put change in perspective since all substantial social change involves social conflict. Understanding social conflict theory can assist groups to function in finding common grounds, developing alliances, defining core values, identifying and indeed eliminating differences in viewpoints where necessary, setting group boundaries, and strategizing to achieve the expected change. Harper postulated that in Social Conflict Theory, no one group should dominate all other groups particularly in a democratic society. He noted further that the power of all groups, especially of large institutions, is limited by the rule of law and by social impact, custom and social tradition. Within these confines of interest, various groups and institutions compete, negotiate and work out changes in socio-economic arrangements, generating social conflict in the process. Wright Mills opined that social structures are created through conflict between people with differing interests and resources. Individuals and resources in turn, are influential by these structures and by the unequal distribution of power and resources in the society (Knapp, 1994, pp228-246). REFERENCES Academic Room, Sociological Theoretical Perspectives, [online], (2013, [n.d]). Available from: http://www.academicroom.com/topics/sociologocal-theory-definition [Accessed 27 March 2014]. Adegbolagun, Adefolaju, Theories of Conflict, [online], (Scribd.com, 5 September 2012). Available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/105006384/Theories-of-Conflict [Accessed 30 March 2014]. Anderson, M L. And Taylor, H.F., Sociology: The Essentials, (Rhomson Wadswoth, Belmot Ca, 2009). Berger, Joseph, Theory and Formalization: Some Reflections on Experience, Sociological Theory, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp482 – 489, (2000). Calhoun, Craig J., Classical Sociological Theory. (Wiley Blackwell, 2002) Gerber L.M, Macionis J.J, Sociology, 7th Canadian p15, (Pearson Toronto, Canada, 2011) p. 15. Harper, Nile, Journeys into Justice: Understanding Social Conflict Theory [online], [n.d.]. Available from: http://www.journeysintojustice.com/social-conflict-theory.htm, [Accessed 28 March 2014]. Knapp, P., One World – Many Worlds: Contemporary Sociological Theory, 2nd ed., ( It Apprercollins Colleges Div, 1994) pp 228 – 246. Little, Daniel,â€Å"Theory† in Sociology [online], (Understanding Society, 11 February 2010). Available from: http://understandingsociety.blogspot.com/2010/02/theory-in-sociology.html [Accessed 30 March 2014]. Liz, Sharon, Granehoolz, Boiuma–Holtrop, Explaining Critical Sociological Thinking from Teaching Sociology, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp 485 – 496, (2003) Macionis Gerber, John J. and Linda M., Sociology 7th Canadian ed., (Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle River NJ, 2010). McCafferty, Kevin C (2006) Conflict Theory [online], (How Contributor, ehow, 2006). Available from: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5518763_ conflict-theory. Obserschal Anthony, Theories of Social Conflict, from Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 4, pp291 – 315, (1978). Ritzer, George., Contemporary Sociological Theory and its Classical Roots: The Basics, [online], (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, University of Maryland, 2003). Available from: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007234962x/student_view0/chapter1/chapter_overview.html [Accessed 28 March 2014]. Stark, Rodney., Sociology, 10th ed., (Thomas Wadsworth, 2007). Skocpol, Theda., States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China, (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1980). Sociology Guide, Conflict Theories [online], (SociologyGuide.com, 2014). Available from: http://www.sociologyguide.com/social-stratification/Conflict-Theories.php [Accessed 30 March 2014]. Thio, Alek., Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 7th ed., (Pearson, 2008). Vossos, Tasos., The Importance of Sociological Theories [online], (eHow, [n.d]). Available from: http://www.ehow.com/info_11367824_importance-sociological-theories.html [Accessed 27 March 2014] Vanithamohanakumar, Introduction to Sociology [online], (Scribd.com, 8 July 2011). Available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/59605267/introduction-to-sociology-V.2-0 [Accessed 23 March 2014]. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, Conflict Theories, [online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories [Accessed 30 March 2014]. Wikipedia, the free encyclpedia, Sociological Theory, [online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_theory [Accessed 28 March 2014]. 1

Professional Philosophy And Occupational Therapy

Professional Philosophy And Occupational Therapy The definition of occupational therapy as gradually metamorphosis from its genesis till date, yet it has gradually evolved from its first definition in 1914 by George Barton who stated that if there is an occupational disease, why not an occupational therapy. While in 1919, he further postulated that occupational therapy is the science of instructing and encouraging the sick in such labours as will involve those energies and activities producing a beneficial therapeutic effect. Over the years, the definition of occupational therapy had transited and in 1923, Herbert J. Hall define occupational therapy as that which provide light work under medical; supervision for the benefit of patients convalescing in hospital and homes, using handicraft not with the aim of making craftsmen of the patients but for the purpose of developing physics and mental effectiveness. American occupational therapy Association (AOTA) proposed the definition that occupational therapy is the art and science of di recting mans involvement in selected task to reinstate, reinforce and enhance performance, to facilitate learning of the skills and functions essential for adaptation and productivity, diminish or correct pathology and to promote and maintain health. In 1994 AOTA mmrevised the definition and stated that occupational therapy is the use of purposeful activity or interventions to promote health and achieve functional out come to develop, improve or restore the highest possible level of independence with person who is limited by a physical injury or illness. The goal of occupational therapy is to assist the individual in achieving an independent, productive and satisfying life style. Occupational therapist use adaptive activities to increase the individuals functioning and productivity in view of achieving independence and satisfaction. Occupational therapy is a health discipline concerned with enabling function and well-being (Baum, 1997) Occupation in Occupational Therapy (Polatakjo 2007, Wilcock 2000), states that the ultimate impact of occupational therapy in multidisciplinary health care service must be a profound understanding of enabling occupation (Pollock and McColl 2003) also stresses that the knowledge of occupation is employed as a means to enhance the development of health in people. Occupational therapists also aspire to the goal of facilitating occupational engagement and performance as the end or outcome of therapy. Occupation is the purposeful or meaningful activities in which human beings engage as part of their normal daily livesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ all aspects of daily living that contribute to health and fulfilment for an individual(McColl 2003 p1) Schwammle (1996) encourage occupational therapists to focus on enabling clients achieve a sense of well being via occupation. In contrast, (Wilcock 2006) de-emphasises occupation in favour of established concepts that are more consistent with a medical model. He also stressed that medical focus, rather than an occupational focused may have resulted in therapists looking at remedying performance components rather than addressing occupation itself, but (Molineux, 2004) said it will be highly problematic as it will lead to issues of role blurring, role overlap and role ambiguity. A different dimension to core philosophy of occupational therapy is functional independence or activity of daily living as the ultimate goal of occupational therapy (Thornton and Rennie 1998). Chavalier (1997) concurred that occupational therapists experience difficulty agreeing on what occupational therapy is, and also that the diverse opinion is a strength to the occupational therapy profession. There seems to be an overall conclusion by occupational therapy experts that occupational therapy as a profession should mainly focus and emphasis on occupation as the core centre of the profession. (Baum and Baptiste 2007, Law et al 2002, Wilcock 2000, Asmundsottir and Kaplan 2001) all stress that occupation should be central in occupational practices. Various authors also gave reasons why occupation should be the epicentre of occupational therapy: It will provide an exclusive perspective that will ensure the professional survival of OT in health service (Pierce 2001) It will unite OT and ensure its continued survival (Nelson 1996). It will enable OT to achieve its full potential (Crabtree 2000) Occupation-focused practice may result in more satisfying practice for individual occupational therapists (Molineux 2004, Wilding 2008) Occupation focused may assist therapists intervention s to be more meaningful when dealing with complex issues (Persson et al 2001) It makes OT to be a true, self-defining profession. Metamorphosis Of Occupational Therapy Right from the inception of occupational therapy. the concepts of occupation is the foundation upon which the profession is built. The founders of occupational therapy the likes of George Barton, Fleanor Clarke Slage, Adolph Meyer etc based the new profession on their own personal experiences of the health enhancing effects of engagement in purposeful and meaningful activities (Peloquin, 1991a), Kielhofner (1992) noted for the early part of twentieth century how occupation is seen to play an essential role in human life and lack of it could result in poor health and dysfunction, occupation is also seen as the link between the mind and soul. Occupational therapy There was a shift of focus to mechanistic paradigm in the (1960s). These emphases the ability to perform depend on the integrity of body systems, and functional performance can be restored by improving or compensating for system limitations. KIELHOFNER (1992) saw a growing dissatisfaction among occupational therapist with the mechanistic approach whiled Reilly (1992) called for therapist in the early 1960s to focus on occupational nature of humans and also the ability of the profession to emphasize on the occupation needs of people contemporary paradigm (1980- present day).(Molineux 2009) Relationship between professional philosophy and occupational therapy A professional philosophy helps set values, beliefs truths and focuses the therapist on the principles that governs his actions. It gives credence to the profession existence and substantiates reasons for practitioners therapeutics processes. In studying the philosophical basis of a profession, it is essential to look at it from its three components as it relates to occupational therapy Metaphysical component. This bothers on what the nature of humankind is. -active being, occupation performance, Reductive approach and Holistic approach. Epistemology component. This relates to the development of a professional philosophy. It analyse the nature, origin and limits of human knowledge.(Adaptation, Thinking, feeling and doing) Axiology component. It concerns with the values of the profession. Quality of life, client catered approach, code of ethics Man is an active being whose development is influenced by the use of purposeful activities, using their capacity for intrinsic motivation; human beings are able to influence the physical and mental health and their physical environments through purposeful activity. Adaptation is a change in function that promotes survival and self-actualisation, it is also described as the satisfactory adjustment of individual s within their environment over time. . Dysfunction may occur when adaptation is impaired, while purposeful activity enhances the adaptive process. Health care system has been developed from a reductionistic approach where man is viewed as separate body function and each part treated separately and focuses on specific problem for greater efficiency. However, medicine has metamorphosis into addressing all the bodily functions of the client, this is a holistic approach by occupational therapy traced to Adolf Meyer. He sees the human body as a live organism acting. The holistic approach emphasises organic and fundamental relationship between the parts and the whole being, an interaction of biological, psychological, socio-cultural and spiritual elements. Occupational therapy trend is shifting away from holistic practice to specialised (reductionistic) approach again. For example, occupational therapy practitioners working in hand rehabilitation refers to themselves as hand therapists or those in psychiatry call themselves psychiatric therapists. Critical analysis of model and frame of reference MODEL AND FOR In advancing the theoretical foundation of occupational therapy, a model is defined as a theoretical simplification of a complex reality (Frolitch, 1993) and consists of several explicitly defined concepts. Conceptual models are schematic or graphic representation of concepts and assumptions that act as a guide for theory development. The frame of reference is based on philosophy or a paradigm and attempts to describe or explain what we believe or value. Models are developed within a frame of reference. Hence, FOR are viewpoints, beliefs or values. FOR are connected sets of ideas that form the basis for action. (Duncan, 2006) Reed and Sanderson (1999) states that no perfect or ideal model for health, functioning and disability exists for occupational therapists. Rather, they suggest that occupational therapists should select the aspects from those health models that most closely fit the belief and values of occupational therapy. According to Townsend (2002), Occupational performance is defined as the result of the dynamic relationship between the person, the environment and the occupation. It refers to the ability to choose and satisfactorily perform meaningful occupations that are culturally defined and appropriate for looking after ones self, enjoying life and contributing to the social and economic fabric in the community. Occupations are groups of activities and tasks of everyday life. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) The initial process of occupational therapy assessment involves interviews with the patient and the carer to establish previously held life roles and the tasks and activities that were completed within these roles. Observational assessment is undertaken of personal self-care tasks, including showering, dressing, toileting, grooming, and eating, and domestic or instrumental tasks, including meal preparation, shopping, cleaning, laundry, and management of finances and medications. Standardized measures may include the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), [6 MODELS Model of human occupation (MOHO) The model emphasis that occupational behaviour is a result of the human system, the subsystem, the habitation subsystem and the environment. MOHO is a behavioural model. He defines occupational performance from a behavioural perspective. The model sees occupational performance as a result of mind-brain-body performance subsystem. Haglund and Kjellberg (1999) argue that the MOHO lacks the influence of the environment on human behaviour. Though it includes the environmental factor, he does not explain the interaction and relationship between the person and the environment. Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP). See in occupational performance terms of dynamic relation between occupation, environment and a person, the key elements of environment are cultural, institutional, physical and social. While the purpose of occupation can be leisure, productivity or self-care. The CMOP presents the person as an integrated whole, incorporates spiritual, affective, cognitive and physical need (Townsend, 2002) The CMOP defines occupational performance as the result of dynamic relationship between the person, the environment and the occupation. OCCUPATIONAL PERFORMANCE MODEL (Australia) In contrast to the ICF where rest is a body function, rest has an activity perspective in the OPM. CORE PROCESS (HAGEDORN 2006) The first extensive presentation of occupational therapy core competencies was produced by Mosey (1986) she based her domains of concern of the profession as performance components, occupational performances, the life cycle and the environment. While (Neistadt and Crepeau 1998) give a list at entry level to be development of skills, socialization in the expectation related to organisation, peers and the profession, acceptance of responsibility and accountability in relevant active-ties. In 1994,the college of occupational therapist published a position on core skills and conceptual framework for practice. Core skill is defined as the expert knowledge at the hearth of the Professional. The unique core skills of occupational therapy are Engage in purposeful activity and meaningful occupation as therapeutic tools to enhance health and wellbeing. Enable people to explore, achieve and maintain balance in their daily living tasks. Evaluate the effects of manipulate, physical and psycho-social environments, maximise function and social integration. Ability to analyse, select and apply occupation to focused therapeutic media to enable dysfunction in daily living tasks and occupational roles. For a therapist to be able to display core professionalism via the above listed core skills. The therapist needs to use four core processes. Therapeutic Use of Self In the heart of therapeutic intervention is the ability of the therapist to communicate with the client and establish a therapeutic relationship or alliance. Mosey (1986) described conscience use of self as one of the legitimate tools of practice. ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL POTENTIAL, ABILITY AND NEEDS For an effective therapeutic intervention, there must be a clear and accurate evaluation of the potential and abilities of the clients in view of the clients needs and goals. This is achieved through the array of tests, checklists and other assessment tools. Assessment may require detailed observation, measurement and repeated testing in relation to ADL which the individual engages. OT is concerned with the whole spectrum of human skills through all ages: past, present and future. Possibilities and probabilities need careful evaluation which requires experience and indepth clinical reasoning. ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF OCCUPATION A fundamental assumption of occupational therapy is that engagement in occupation promotes health and well being. Hence, occupational analysis seeks to break down the tasks into smallest units of which performance is composed. The client skill components can be identified and the therapist can map how this can be built into competence. To achieve this, the therapist must observe, record and analyse elements of performance via work, leisure and self care activities. The therapist also employs analytical methods to determine client interaction between occupational role and social life relationships. ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF ENVIRONMENT Therapists acknowledge that the environment has an effect on behaviour. It facilitates interaction, reduce stress and promote engagement. Hence, adapting to the environment can enhance occupational performance or impede engagement in task. The analysis of the environment should be at an holistic level and not limited to the physical aspects alone, but also socio-cultural aspects, emotional and financier environment. CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT COT 2010 On a daily basis, occupational therapists are confronted with situations that requires decisions. Moral and ethics have the potential to affect the clinicians decision making practice. Ethics are philosophical stands on the rightness or appropriateness of various voluntary actions. The adoption of ethical principles is one characteristic often used to distinguish professions from other occupations (Vollmer Mills, 1966). The code of ethics and professional conduct produced by the college of occupational therapists (COT) and NPC are formulated to guide O. T in their professional conduct in terms of competent combination of knowledge, skills and behaviors. The code of ethics and professional conduct are sub divided into major sections: Service user welfare and autonomy, this includes: Duty of care, welfare, mental capacity and informed consent and confidentiality. Service provision: Equality, Resourses, the occupational process, risk management and record keeping. Personal professional integrity: Personal integrity relationships with service users, professional integrity, fitness to practice, substance misuse, personal profit or gain, and information representation. Professional competence and lifelong learning: professional competence, delegation, collaborative working, combining professional development, and occupational therapy practice education. Developing and using the professions evidence base. The code of ethics and professional conduct enacted various laws upon which an occupational therapist base his/her practice, these include: Health Act 1999 Occupational therapist is protected by law and can only be used by persons who are registered with the health professions council (HPC) O.T personnel must respect the right of all people under the Human Right Act 1998. Mental Capacity Act 2005 code of practice states that: A person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established otherwise. Data protection Act 1998: gives individual the right to know what information is held about them and that personal information is handled properly. Roles of COT and HPC (Code of ethics and professional conduct.COT,2010)

A poem and a loaded gun Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Poem and a Loaded Gun The post civil war era was wrought with sexism and backwards thinking. Emily Dickinson was born in 1830, wrote 1800 poems in her lifetime. She has become known for unfolding the social boundaries surrounding women in this time period. Most of her life was shrouded in seclusion and mystery. In the realm of poetry, authors are creative with their usage of literary techniques in order to illustrate their point of view to the reader. Emily Dickinson is especially known for her precise diction, powerful imagery, and obscure timing or rhythm. In her poem â€Å"My life had stood – A loaded Gun,† she is heavily dependant on the use of images, eloquent diction and tone to convey both the literal and symbolic meaning or themes to the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s use of certain images is important to the theme of the poem because they define the setting and they set the mood for the different parts of the poem. The first image introduced to the reader is that of the loaded gun. This is one of the most powerful images throughout the poem as it is, as we find, out also the speaker. A the first thing that is brought to the readers mind is the aurora of potential. The sheer potential for destruction and death that is associated with a loaded gun sets the mood for the rest of the poem to build from. The next image that is introduced is that of the â€Å"Corners.† This can be understood in multiple contexts. The first being a crossroads, a corner is an intersection between two walls or metaphorically two paths. The second interpretation is that of a dark and shadowy place for someone to lye in wait. Both of the interpretations are equally significant and the authors diction here was surely intentional. This image is particularly important because it defines the opening setting of the speaker. The following images such as â€Å"Sovereign Woods,† â€Å"Doe,† and â€Å"Mountains† serve to change the setting. In the next stanza images such as â€Å"cordial light,† â€Å"valley glow,† and â€Å"Vesuvian face† serve to change the mood to an eerie almost frightening allusion to power. The next images â€Å"Yellow Eye,† and â€Å"emphatic Thumb† are incorporated into the poem to further the setting of this mood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author’s diction and tone in the second stanza move the poem thematically forward by building rhythm. This cha... ... the gun speaks â€Å"for† the master, which is to say she perceives her function as an extension of his power: his will and figuratively, his voice.† The paradox here is that the speakers role is not feminine at all, it is almost the dominant figure serving as the protector and the one who does the killing, yet she is still the possessed or owned item in the relationship. This conflict is resolved in the last stanza with the speakers final words. She declares her independence and singularity from her master with the realization that she has the power to die. She says â€Å"for I have but the power to kill, without – the power to die –,† or â€Å"I would only have the power to kill, if I did not have the power to die.† By this statement she affirms her own significance even though her only true act of autonomy is her own death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited 1. Rich, Adrienne Vesuvius at Home: The Power of Emily Dickinson 2. Miller, Chistanne: Dickinson and the Boundaries of Feminist Theory; 1991 3. Gelpi, Albert; Emily Dickinson and the Deerslayer: The dilemma of the Woman Poet in America; 1979 4. Yukman Claudia; Breaking the Eschatological Frame: Dickinson’s Narrative Acts; 1992

Huntingtons Disease :: Essays Papers

Huntington's Disease Huntington's Disease (HD) is a dominant genetic disorder. Each child of a person who has HD has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease, and the disease does not skip a generation. HD is caused by a larger than normal CAG repeat in the Huntington gene. This larger than normal CAG repeat produces an abnormal protein that begins to kill brain cells when the person who has the gene reaches middle age. The loss of these cells causes intense symptoms and eventually death. HD was named after Dr. George Huntington. In 1872, he was the first person to document an accurate description of the symptoms and course of the disease. At the time he called it â€Å"hereditary chorea†. The Huntington gene was discovered in 1993 by the Huntington Study Group. The CAG repeats in the Huntington gene, which is located on chromosome 4, code for the protein huntingtin. The larger than normal number of CAGs in a person with HD causes the huntingtin protein to be abnormal, which leads to symptoms. Even though every cell in the body has the gene, only the cells in the brain seem to be affected. A person has two alleles for every gene. One allele is inherited from the mother and one allele is inherited from the father. If either allele of the Huntington gene has the larger than normal CAG repeat, the person will have HD. If neither allele has the larger than normal CAG repeat, the person will not have HD and will not pass it on. When a person has children, only one allele of each gene is passed on. If a person with HD passes on the allele with the larger than normal CAG repeat, the child will have HD. If the allele with the normal CAG is passed on, the child will not have HD. Early signs of HD are mood swings, irritability, depression, memory loss, and uncontrolled movements. As the disease progresses, it becomes more difficult to walk and speak. Also, memory and intellectual functions continue to decline. A person who has a chance of inheriting HD can be tested any time after they reach the age of 21. Testing for the HD gene entails a blood sample genetic test that analyzes DNA for HD mutation by counting the number of CAG repeats in the HD gene region. A person will not get HD if their CAG repeats are lower than 30. Huntington's Disease :: Essays Papers Huntington's Disease Huntington's Disease (HD) is a dominant genetic disorder. Each child of a person who has HD has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease, and the disease does not skip a generation. HD is caused by a larger than normal CAG repeat in the Huntington gene. This larger than normal CAG repeat produces an abnormal protein that begins to kill brain cells when the person who has the gene reaches middle age. The loss of these cells causes intense symptoms and eventually death. HD was named after Dr. George Huntington. In 1872, he was the first person to document an accurate description of the symptoms and course of the disease. At the time he called it â€Å"hereditary chorea†. The Huntington gene was discovered in 1993 by the Huntington Study Group. The CAG repeats in the Huntington gene, which is located on chromosome 4, code for the protein huntingtin. The larger than normal number of CAGs in a person with HD causes the huntingtin protein to be abnormal, which leads to symptoms. Even though every cell in the body has the gene, only the cells in the brain seem to be affected. A person has two alleles for every gene. One allele is inherited from the mother and one allele is inherited from the father. If either allele of the Huntington gene has the larger than normal CAG repeat, the person will have HD. If neither allele has the larger than normal CAG repeat, the person will not have HD and will not pass it on. When a person has children, only one allele of each gene is passed on. If a person with HD passes on the allele with the larger than normal CAG repeat, the child will have HD. If the allele with the normal CAG is passed on, the child will not have HD. Early signs of HD are mood swings, irritability, depression, memory loss, and uncontrolled movements. As the disease progresses, it becomes more difficult to walk and speak. Also, memory and intellectual functions continue to decline. A person who has a chance of inheriting HD can be tested any time after they reach the age of 21. Testing for the HD gene entails a blood sample genetic test that analyzes DNA for HD mutation by counting the number of CAG repeats in the HD gene region. A person will not get HD if their CAG repeats are lower than 30.

Massage Therapy Reduces Anxiety and Enhances EEG Patterns of Alertness

So many people in the world talk about how beneficial massage can be and that it makes you feel more relaxed. They say that if you receive massage, even just once a month, that it could help you in many different aspects of your life, such as helping depression, lessening anxiety, becoming more relaxed more often, and that it can help you become less stressed in your day to day life. In this research study, the researchers hypothesize that massage would have an effect on anxiety, depression, and alertness. The objective was to show that massage can reduce anxiety, depression, and stress by testing cortisol level and increase alertness by comparing EEG patterns by math computations. This research study is a quantitative research. Most massage therapy studies are a qualitative research instead of a quantitative. In a qualitative research, the results are based on what people felt and their personal experiences. The people in the study record how or what they felt, and then the researchers compare and analyze pre-massage, post-massage, and with other subjects’ information. Since massage therapists effect how people feel, qualitative is normally the best type of research for the massage therapy field. In a quantitative research, the variables can be measured and analyzed, like people’s cortisol levels and EEG patterns. In this study, there is some qualitative research, because they do ask questions like how stressed you felt and how depressed you felt. You can’t truly compare someone’s stress level with a simple questionnaire sheet. Everyone can tolerate different levels of stress and different types of stress. The researchers observed and compared anxiety, depression, stress, and alertness. They used 5 different variables to tes... ... a chair is not going to help too much with their whiplash. Of course, many people don’t know all the benefits of the different types of massage, but that is why we educate our clients and the people around us, or at least the ones who will listen to us. Massage therapists should constantly read up on new studies and educate their clients with information like this. It really helps massage therapy become a more respectable reputation. Research studies back up and help prove theories of massage. This study shows that even a short session of massage therapy can really have an impact on your moods and lifestyle. So why not try a massage? Works Cited Tiffany Field, Gail Robinson, Frank Scafidi, Tom Nawrocki, and Alex Goncalves (1996) Massage Therapy Reduces Anxiety and Enhances EEG Pattern of Alertness and Math Computations, International Journal of Neuroscience

How far does Somerset deserve his reputation as the ‘Good Duke’? Essay

Edward Seymour, also known as the 1st Duke of Somerset, in many ways did not deserve his title as the ‘Good Duke’ due to the fact that not only did he used his position as Edward VI’s uncle to gain autocratic power as ‘Lord Protector’, his arrogant and selfish style of government led to a collapse of not only the economy, but created many social, religious and political problems, leading to rebellions spreading across the country. Because of this, it would be unfair to call him a ‘Good Duke’ as his legacy did little good for his successors, having created a nation in a terrible state to save the governing of. Somerset (then known as Earl of Hertford) claimed the title of Lord Protector after the death of Henry VIII, when sometime before it was decided that he and an equal group of others (forming the Regency Council) would manage the throne for Edward VI whilst he was a child, ‘thinking it the surest form of government and most fit for that commonwealth’. Being the boy king’s uncle, it seemed natural for him to be his guardian, and he had soon gained trust by many members – allowing him the favour of being one of the leaders on this council. Somerset, however, played a game of factions, and his rise to power quickly as (self-named) ‘Lord Protector’ allowed the so called ‘Good Duke’ to successfully alienate others – giving his supporters positions of authority around him, whilst leaving those with other ideas along the sides to look upon with confusion and bitterness. Ruling alone was his style of government, and appeasing his supporters with wealth, offices, land and titles was one of his ways to keep control. Somerset, who had made himself Duke – building a grand estate for himself as if he were the real king – gained much resentment from the Privy Council, who, although offered Somerset advice, could see that he was not interested in their views. Sir William Paget – an advisor to the former king – often criticised Somerset’s way of government, noticing that the policies created by the so called council were those only of Somerset, and later he would be one of the forces bringing Somerset down from power. It seems right to suggest that the power Somerset held had gotten to his head – where every policy he wrote, decision he made, and action he took were nothing but his own, and this can be an argument opposing the title of the ‘Good Duke’ he has earned by some, being quite selfish and power-hungry, cavorting around as if he was the actual king. As historian Susan Brigden put it (New Worlds, Lost Worlds): ‘Since Somerset had taken the devising of policy to himself, his would be the blame if, and when, it failed’. As a hard on, military commander, it seemed only natural that Somerset’s attention would have been strongly focussed on foreign policy, particularly, the issue of Edward VI’s suzerainty over Scotland. However, it can be said that Somerset was obsessed with the idea of ruling over Scotland – perhaps using Henry VIII’s initial idea of marrying the young Edward VI to the infant Mary Queen of Scots to strengthen the alliance between the two countries, as an excuse for the insanely increased expenditure over the war. Although relations with France so far had been fairly calm, the idea of Mary Queen of Scots marrying the dauphin of France allowed Somerset to see clearly in his way what was needed to gain Scotland – a war – in his opinion. All seemed well for Somerset, who’s tactic was to defeat the Scots and French in battle and force rule, and this subsequently started off successfully – bringing England victory with the Battle of Pi nkie in September 1547. Nevertheless, Somerset failed to recognise the fierce economic problems that were facing the nation at the time. The previous ruler, Henry VIII had already mangled inflation with the debasing of the coins – yet Somerset foolishly allowed this to continue, trying to fund the war with the Scots. In his Lenton Sermon of 1549, Latimer spoke of the debasing of the silver coin ‘so reddened with copper it blushed for shame’. Financing the war was still a huge problem and Somerset’s tactics seemed to have been failing due to the inability to defend all the forts that had been blocked previously. Without money, the war was crumbling, which led to further problems with the economy. Crop prices were a new high, and it was hard enough to grow grain as it was – this allowed the people of England to start resenting Somerset. In terms of his reputation at the ‘Good Duke’, his actions did not support this title – firstly, he chose to ignore the increasingly terrible economic situation of the country, allowing the rise of inflation and poor exchange rate to continue as a result of the debasing of the silver coins. Likewise his obsession with resolving the Scottish conflict led to heavy military expenditure for little gain, with the resultant garrisoning expensive and frail. Also, by avoiding confrontation with France, Somerset simply passed on England’s major concerns to future monarchs. These decisions were clearly poorly made and short sighted, and whilst he continuously debased the coins of the ordinary, spent much money on his own lavish property and funding a war that he seemed to have underestimated (both financially and skilfully – he realised the French Army was very strong), he refused to admit fault in his own policies, placing ‘the cause of society’s ill elsewhere’ (Brigden.), the ultimate show of arrogance, allowing further bitterness from the Council towards him. As a protector and so called ‘Good Duke’ he seemed to have failed to make any effective progress. In terms of Religious Policy, it was under Edwards VI’s rule, and so under Somerset, that the real changes to the church started to happen. Henry VIII had not only left a legacy that was riddled with debt for the economy, but also tensions amongst the Catholic Church after Henry’s controversial break from Rome. Edward VI, who at the time was being raised protestant, was sure to make reforms that made the majority Catholic country convert, according to his father’s wishes. How things were done was up to Somerset, who, totally different from his hard-faced and somewhat cruel military persona, was quite tolerable in terms of religious change. February 1547, one of the first and noticeable moves to convert to Protestantism made was the denunciation of images in churches in London, although it was not an official change, this act of iconoclasm was fully supported by the government and the protestant extremists such as Nicholas Ridley, showing the starting of religion reform under Somerset. It was not until July of that year that the government sent out injunctions to further attack the Catholic church – this time picking up on things such as candles, bell ringing, stained glass windows and images of saints in Catholic churches across the country, with visitations made by government which were to ‘precipitate the most sweeping changes in religion England had yet seen’ (Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Alters). In December of that year came a further change which had significant impact. Chantries, which were used to pray for the souls trapped in Purgatory – a state between heaven and hell in Catholic belief – were dissolved, with these buildings turned into bookshops and other things. Although these changes were changing the appearance of Catholicism in England, Somerset seemed to have ‘gotten away with it’ so far, as although people were perhaps angry with the changes, a lot of people accepted the changes quietly – after all they were not too hard to live with. It can be argued that these policies were soft – and Somerset in a kind fashion had not introduced any cruel punishment to punish those who opposed his idea – which led a lot of Catholics to hide their churchly images in annoyance rather than rebellion. It was not until May 1549 that Somerset introduced the Book of Common Prayer, did he really have a huge impact in terms of the religious reforms. These books were a guideline of what was to be said at all church services, and were completely in English, which was a huge leap from catholic Services which were held in Latin. This change aimed to make churches simpler – less about money and the show of religion, but more about the faith – according to the most radical Protestants. If the Book of Common Prayer was in English, it would be easier for everyone to hear the messages of God in clear plain English, something Catholics disagreed with, as they thought only trained and blessed priests should have been able to read the bible. It was this change that acted as a catalyst for the later rebellions. Although these religious changes seemed somewhat inevitable, and perhaps would have happened under anyone – not just Somerset – it can be argued that Somerset did not do much to drive the changes that were being made, and instead he cared about the conflict with Scotland overall much more. Another thing to take notice was that Somerset was interested in foreign policy, and of course for the future succession of the throne after Edward VI. At that point, most of Europe was Catholic, and Somerset knew that if there was much radical change in England with the church, England would lose important links to major countries such as Spain – which to Somerset – perhaps was not worth the risk of fast change. On the whole, this could have been the reason as to why he didn’t make too obvious changes at the beginning, explaining the relatively slow progress of change, with some policies not lasting very well under Somerset, which would explain why he seemed to be tolerating of religious change and didn’t try and force it too hard, even though it did eventually lead to rebellions. In 1549 many commons’ uprisings were occurring. These were surprising – ‘Not since 1381 had there been such widespread rebellion’ (Susan Brigden, New Worlds, Lost Worlds). Particularly significant, two rebellions occurred under Somerset – the first being the Western Rebellions, in the Cornish area of England. There was a building of tension here with the Cornish, who had a history of disliking the government as they wanted independence. This very strongly catholic state was outraged with the religious changes being made – and so challenged Somerset and his government with a list of demands. The second rebellion was the Kett Rebellion, taking place in East Anglia – which occurred less due to religious reforms, but in rise of the desperation of economic reform, especially after the extreme expenditure thanks to the Scottish war conflict and the over-debasing of the silver coins. The rebellion – named after Robert Kett who took lead – also had a list of things they wanted changing, however interestingly, were written with much more politeness, and had nothing to do with the religious reforms. This suggests to us that only a few parts of the country had so far been greatly affected by the religious reforms under Somerset. These rebellions tell us the general antagonism and resentment the population felt towards the condition of the country under Somerset, suggesting that he was far from being a ‘Good Duke’ However, it is important to argue that it was not just Somerset’s fault – it was too the gentry, ‘who in pursuit of self-interest had abdicated their duty to the commons, seemed powerless to act and looked upon one another’ (Susan Brigden). Although about different problems and the uprisings seemed to be unrelated, there was a ‘particular sharpness in social conflict’ (Andy Wood, the 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England) that was very significant, and this blame that fell onto Somerset led to his demise in the time coming. Somerset was growing increasingly desperate to sort out the problems with the rebellions, and so appointed Lord Russell, a nobleman in the West, to sort out the uprisings in the area. Although it took time and strength, on the 4th August 1549, Somerset was able to defeat the rebels in the west, leaving him only the rebels in Kett, against whom he was defeated humiliatingly later on. Somerset then turned to his last hope, as he saw it, the Duke of Northumberland (then known as Earl of Warwick) to help him out with Kett, despite knowing that Northumberland was actually his potential rival. His strong opponent successfully sorted out the rebels, and bought light to the failures of Somerset – his demise was inevitable – and his enemies (Northumberland, Cranmer) who once sat in the shadows in resent towards his arrogant and autocratic rule were able to speak up against Somerset, using his failure against Scotland, worsening of the economy and religious reforms done poorly to accuse him of being a unsuitable Lord Protector, as after all, he did fail to protect the country from rebellions. Somerset, knowing his end was near and his enemies were plotting against him, moved himself and the young King to the Windsor Palace where they were safer. Edward in his diary, wrote ‘Me thinks I am in a prison’, and when it was discovered that Somerset had in fact locked Edward up – thinking that the ‘possession of his person was the key to power’ (Brigden). When discovered, Somerset surrendered and was executed for treason – offering ‘his life, not his liberty’ (Brigden). The fall of Somerset seems like he was perhaps targeted and plotted against, and the fact that he had many enemies alongside the knowledge of his failing policies, supports the argument that Somerset perhaps didn’t deserve the title of the ‘Good Duke’. On the other hand, to not argue Somerset as the ‘Good Duke’ would be unfair as there are things that made him perhaps not as bad as it seemed. Somerset did indeed inherit a legacy full of debt, economical issues, and religious conflict from Henry VIII, and so it would be unreasonable to say that the rebellions started solely due to Somerset’s policies – as he believed he was just carrying out the will of Henry VIII. Furthermore, Somerset was often described being very caring of the poor – ‘Somerset saw himself as the champion of the oppressed, hearing complacently the benisons if the poor.’ (Susan Brigden). This suggests that he was not as brutal as he was made out to be (normally because of his cruel Military regime against Scotland), another reason as to why he good have been considered ‘Good’ to an extent, as previous Monarchs/rulers weren’t often praised with ‘Oh the commons pray for you sir’. Also, he could also be compared to the Duke of Northumberland, who inherits his position as Lord Protector. Northumberland has been compared to being a typical ‘Machiavellian’ character – a person who stabbed the back of others to get what he wanted, and although reform was perhaps more effective under Northumberland, it would be unfair to, if talking in terms of morals, call Northumberland a better Duke than Somerset. Overall, there are some things supporting the argument that Somerset could be described as a ‘Good Duke’ if comparing him to Northumberland. Overall it would seem that Somerset did not deserve the title as the ‘Good Duke’ because of the overall negative effect he had in government, and his policies that failed to successfully bring religious reform in the country, whilst causing further economic damage due to his blind war expenditure from his obsession with the Scotland conflict. Somerset’s overall attitude towards governing was also partly to blame – he created many enemies for himself due to making decisions on his own constantly, alienating certain members who would then plot against him and because of this, he would be solely to blame for the actions he took. Although he didn’t mean to cause extra damage, it is undeniable that his actions proved that he didn’t deserve to be called the ‘Good Duke’.

Smart Card Marketing Solutions Essay

Smart Card Marketing Solutions is a company established in 2003 that provides prepaid card services to customers seeking an alternative to credit cards and as a form of electronic records for merchants in regards to recording a customer buying behavior. Smart Card Marketing Solutions (referred to in this paper as SMKG going forward) offered four types on services: GoSmartCard, Velocity money, Velocity Merchant, and prepaid wireless. Each of the services, in addition to the audience, back ground on the market, strengths and weaknesses of the company, and marketing strategies. Types of Service and Competition Go Smart Card The GoSmartCard is a service that allows companies to use the card and incentive programs. This is offered to merchants and retailed and personal account information. The platform itself is a real-time internet based application that monitors the transaction in real-time and allow for merchants to access the information. The competition could be any company or retailer that offers gift cards. This service is offered by many retailers already. This service is already in the market and for some time now. Velocity Money The service includes two card types: Pin Debit Card, which is used by customers as one would a traditional debit card and a Master debit card, which operates like a traditional Master card. Both are attractive features but there lies a flooded market with lots of competition Velocity Merchant This service allows electronic check processing. This feature has been offered by Tele-Check for many years. The advantage to this feature is the e-commerce site that offers additional features such as private labeling on Master card and instant money transfers. Those are two attractive features. Prepaid Wireless Now prepaid wireless is a service offered, which allows the retailer does not have to pay for a product until after the sale is made. This is a very attractive feature for retailers. Access to the Market Feasibility The goal of feasibility is to is to assess the economic viability of the proposed business. The feasibility study needs to answer the question: â€Å"Does the idea make economic sense?† The study should provide a thorough analysis of the business opportunity, including a look at all the possible roadblocks that may stand in the way of the cooperative’s success. The outcome of the feasibility study will indicate whether or not to proceed with the proposed venture. If the results of the feasibility study are positive, then the cooperative can proceed to develop a business plan. (Williams, 2011) After review of the customer’s website, services offered, and over goal, the Market feasibility does not make sense. The market is saturated with competition such as Visa, MasterCard, Discover, AMEX, Rush Card, and many more. The company does not appear to have done the necessary research to determine the whether there is a need for this service in the market. In addition, this would hint to the fact a proper business plane was not completed and reviewed. Their validity of market acceptance appears to be assumed versus researched and studies. Conclusion Overall, SKMG could have done more research on the need of their services. Primary market research is one of the starting points for this customer to have been able to determine acceptance into the market. Appendix I shows the current state of their stability in the market.

Weight Loss Intervention Programs Health And Social Care Essay

Outline: This is a 5 page project- APA format, discoursing weight loss intercession plans for rural African American adult females. The plan assess rural African American adult females of age group 45- 60 with an purpose of developing and implementing weight loss care preparation plan for the group. It so develops, implements and evaluates the plan. The paper relies on 4 beginnings. Weight Loss Maintenance Training Program for Rural African American Women Aged 45-60 Rationale of the Undertaking Rural African American adult females are disproportionally affected by fleshiness and are at hazard of many diseases that are accelerated by fleshiness. Weight loss and care is the cardinal solution to this job ( Flegal, Carroll, Ogden and Johnson, 2000 ) . Surveies have shown that despite the fact that 70 % of African American adult females want to lose weight, merely 50 % are actively seeking to lose weight and that African American adult females practically lose less weight than other cultural groups ( Mack, Anderson, Galuska, Zablotsky, Holtzman and Ahluwalia, 2000 ) .Studies have farther shown that such adult females engage in weight loss methods for shorter periods of clip. ( Ard, Rosati and Oddone, 2000 ) observes that there is great demand to increase apprehension of weight loss care among African American adult females, usage evocation process from the theory of planned behaviour to specify the concepts of attitude, subjective norms and sensed behaviour control sing weight l oss and care, and develop relevant questionnaire that can be used to research weight loss and care, peculiarly for rural African American adult females aged 40- 60 Importance of Weight Loss Maintenance for Rural African- American Women Care of weight loss among rural African Americans is of import because organic structure weight is a factor in etiology and direction of many diseases for which fleshiness and corpulence are lending factors such as diabetes and its complications. Weight decrease contributes to reduced insulin opposition, a decrease in impaired glucose tolerance and accordingly a better direction of diabetic complications ( Anderson, et Al, 1997 ) . Anderson, et Al ( 1997 ) further indicates that surveies measuring organic structure form, size and organic structure satisfaction have shown that rural African American adult females prefer larger organic structures than those preferred by white adult females and besides, rural African American adult females have significantly big organic structures than their white opposite numbers. In these surveies, African- American adult females thought of their big organic structure sizes to be more attractive to the opposite sex and healthier than age matched white adult females. It is clear from these surveies that African- American adult females had more positive perceptual experiences of their big organic structures and were less likely to lose and keep weight loss because they considered dieting patterns as harmful patterns related to binge-eating syndrome and anorexia. Lieberman et Al, ( 2003 ) clearly shows that aged rural African American adult females were 0.6 times every bit likely to experience guilty after gorging, 0.4 seasonably as likely to diet and 2.5 times every bit likely to be satisfied with their weight and 2.7 times every bit likely to see themselves attractive. In a big sample of aged adult females, 40 % of corpulence and corpulent African – American adult females were aged 25- 64 and they considered themselves to be really attractive or attractive. It has besides been established that African American adult females who are overweight selected a desirable organic structure size that is significantly smaller than they perceived their current size to be ( Anderson, et Al, 1997 ) . Based on these surveies, it is of import for fleshiness intervention plans to see cognitive facet and organic structure image perceptual experiences in their design of effectual weight loss and weight loss care intercessions. This forms the footing of this plan. Undertaking Plan This undertaking is designed to make consciousness of weight loss care to rural African – American adult females. The plan marks adult females of ages 40-60 and will be implemented throughout different selected local community centres in two Florida rural communities to guarantee that a broad population is covered. The plan will be implemented by societal wellness workers, who will develop selected 20 African- American adult females from each of the two Florida rural communities chosen on importance of weight loss care utilizing elicitation process from the theory of planned behaviour to specify the concepts of attitude, subjective norms and sensed behaviour control sing weight loss and care, and develop relevant questionnaire that can be used to research weight loss and care, peculiarly for rural African American adult females. The trained adult females will so develop other African- American adult females of ages 40 – 60. This plan will last for a period of 16 months, including 8 moths rating period, whereby selected participants will be evaluated on the footing of their wellness beliefs, dietetic consumption, activity degrees, and forms and conformity with diet. Undertaking Execution The plan seeks to educate the selected group on significance of weight loss care and its benefits. Trainers will actively affect selected group in treatments on fleshiness, weight loss and care of weight loss in order to understand their perceptual experiences on this subject before educating them on wellness hazards and dangers associated with fleshiness and corpulence, while doing usage of practical illustrations. During the preparation, perceptual experiences of organic structure size in older rural African- American adult females in two rural Florida communities will be assessed through web sampling. Ten persons in their 40 ‘s, ten in their 50 ‘s and ten in their 60 ‘s will be chosen to take part in 8 month rating of place direction schemes for weight loss care. The survey will measure wellness beliefs, dietetic consumption, activity degrees, and forms and conformity with diet. Photographs of participants will be taken to measure organic structure images. Body images will be presented in four sets of exposure enlarged or reduced in size utilizing an anamorphic lens to find if the organic structure weight will be above or below the desirable weight based on consensus of geriatric doctors. The weight classs will be classified as really thin, thin, normal, corpulent and really corpulent. Participants will be asked to depict these images, based on 12 properties, viz. : attracti on, wellness, organic structure size, cooking ability, likeliness of high blood pressure, politeness, success, felicity, desirable organic structure size, worrying behaviour and friendliness. By actively affecting members of selected group, trainers will discourse current behaviour, beliefs and misconceptions that have contributed to big per centums of corpulent and fleshy instances among rural African American adult females and come up with a manner frontward through active engagement of both the trainers and the group being trained to develop a questionnaire that can be used for single appraisal of weight loss care to guarantee efficiency and success of the full undertaking. Undertaking Evaluation Undertakings success will be evaluated based on informations obtained during 8 moths single rating. Using photographic organic structure images, each of the 12 properties will be assessed to give per centum of those who will hold maintained their organic structure weight loss throughout the plan. Teaching and Learning Principles Used In implementing this undertaking, trainers bear in head that grownups are independent and self directed. They will therefore put the persons being trained free to direct themselves. Trainers will actively affect members in larning procedure and service as facilitators for them. Trainers will let participants to presume duty for presentations and group leading. Facilitators besides understand that participants have accumulated a foundation of life experiences and cognition, and will therefore demand to link this preparation to participants knowledge and see base. Trainers will bear in head that they are covering with a group of grownups, who are end and relevance oriented and must clearly see the ground for this plan. Trainers will hence hold to do this acquisition applicable to existent life state of affairss of the group Undertaking Evaluation Upon completion of the undertaking, its success will be evaluated, based on the undermentioned standards: . . Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and tendencies in fleshiness among US grownups, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002 ; 288 ( 14 ) :1723-7. Ard JD, Rosati R, Oddone EZ. Culturally-sensitive weight loss plan produces important decrease in weight, blood force per unit area, and cholesterin in eight hebdomads. J Natl Med Assoc. 2000 ; 92 ( 11 ) :5 ANDERSON, L. A. , G. R. JANES, D. C. ZIEMER, L. S. PHILLIPS, Diabetes Educ. , 23 ( 1997 ) 301. L. S. Lieberman et Al. : Body Image in Women with NIDDM, Coll. Antropol. 27 ( 2003 ) 1: 79-86 Sites hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219715/